GENERAL CHEMISTRY explained in 19 Minutes

CORRECTION 1: at, 10:36 it should say: 1 mol = 6.022 * 10^23 (not 10^-23)! CORRECTION 2: 04:20 Generally, salts are formed when acids and bases neutralize. Metals and Nonmetals forming a salt is one possible option, not the general rule. Thanks to the attentive commenters for pointing it out! For people asking about Organic Chemistry…I decided not to include it in this video, as the topic is way too big and deserves a video of its own. …soon, perhaps

2 types of teaching: 1. 17th centuries style 2. This guy

This dude just explained 2 years of chemistry classes in 19 minutes, FOR FREE

Not me watching this video hoping to pass a chemistry exam that I didn't study for

Let's simplify and explore these Chemistry terms ⚛️🧪⚗️: 1. *Isomers/Allotropes:* - Imagine you have a bunch of Legos, and you can rearrange them to make different shapes. (Allotropes are DIFFERENT FORMS of the same element, while Isomers are like molecules REARRANGED to form different structures) For example, Diamonds 💎 and Graphite 🪨 are Allotropes (DIFFERENT FORM) of Carbon, where Diamonds are like tightly packed Legos, while Graphite is like layers of Legos stacked on top of each other in different molecular structures called Isomers (REARRANGED). 2. *Polarized/Non-Polarized Covalent:* -Think of sharing a pizza with a friend. 🍕 -If you both agree ✅ on the same toppings, it's like NON-POLARIZED Covalent Bonding, where Electrons are shared EQUALLY⚡️⚛️🟰. -However, if you both want different toppings and have to compromise ❌, it's like POLARIZED Covalent Bonding, where Electrons are shared UNEQUALLY ⚡️⚛️🤪. 3. *Electronegativity:* - Picture a tug-of-war game, where players compete to pull a rope towards them. 🪢 Electronegativity is like how STRONGLY an atom PULLS electrons towards itself in a chemical bond 💪⚡️⚛️. Elements with high electronegativity are like strong players in the game, pulling the electrons closer to them. 4. *Redox Reaction:* - Imagine playing with a toy car and a battery. When you connect the car to the battery 🏎️🔋, the car moves forward 🏎️💨, but the battery loses energy 🪫. -This exchange of energy 🔀 is called the Redox Reaction, where one substance loses Electrons ➖⚡️⚛️ (Oxidation) and another gains Electrons ➕⚡️⚛️ (Reduction). 5. *Oxidant and Reductant:* - Picture a game of tug-of-war between two teams. 👬🪢👭 The team that pulls the rope towards them is like the OXIDANT, gaining electrons ➕⚡️⚛️, while the team that let’s go of the rope is like the REDUCTANT, losing electrons ➖⚡️⚛️. -Together, they balance each other out in a Redox Reaction ⚖️. 6. *IMFs and Van Der Waals Force:* - Imagine trying to stack books on a wobbly table. 📚🫨 The force that keeps the books together 💪 despite the wobbling 🫨 is like Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) or Van der Waals forces. They're Weak Attractions between molecules that help hold them together, like magnets pulling them closer 🧲. 7. *Surfactants:* - Picture washing dishes with soap. The soap molecules surround grease and dirt., allowing water to wash them away. 🧼🫧 Surfactants are like the soap molecules, with one end attracted to Water 💦 and the other end attracted to Grease 🛢️, helping to remove dirt and oil from surfaces. 8. *Colloid:* - Think of stirring milk in a glass. Even after STIRRING, the milk doesn't fully mix with the water. 🥛❌💧This suspension of tiny particles in a liquid is like a Colloid, where small particles are dispersed but NOT fully dissolved, giving the mixture unique properties. 9. *Stoichiometry:* - Imagine following a recipe 📋 to bake cookies, where you need a specific ratio of ingredients to make the perfect batch 🍪. Stoichiometry is like following a recipe in chemistry 🧪, where you calculate the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction to ensure everything balances out ⚖️. 10. *Enthalpy:* - Picture adding sugar to coffee and feeling the warmth spread throughout the drink 🥵☕️. -Enthalpy is like the TOTAL HEAT CONTENT of a system, including both internal energy and pressure-volume work 📏🔥. It measures the energy exchanged during a chemical or physical process, like adding sugar to coffee and feeling the change in temperature 🌡️. 11. *Exergonic and Endergonic:* -Imagine a roller coaster ride, where some parts go downhill (Exergonic) and RELEASE energy. 🎢⬇️🏔️ 🔥💥 While other parts go uphill (Endergonic) and REQUIRE energy input. 🎢⬆️🏔️ 🔋 -Exergonic reactions are like the DOWNHILL parts ⬇️🏔️, where energy is released Spontaneously 🔥💥. -while Endergonic reactions are like the UPHILL parts ⬆️🏔️, requiring an external energy source to proceed 🔋. -It helps determine whether a reaction is Spontaneous or Non-Spontaneous under specific conditions, like whether a Roller Coaster can make it up a Mountain 🎢🏔️ without any additional energy. 12. *Conjugate and Amphoteric Base:* - Imagine playing with a seesaw, where one side goes up ⬆️ when the other side goes down ⬇️. -A Conjugate base is like the side that goes up when the acid loses a proton ❌💡 while an Amphoteric base is like the seesaw itself, capable of both accepting and donating protons ✅💡depending on the conditions. 13. *Delocalized:* - Think of a group of friends holding hands in a circle, moving around freely. 👫 Delocalized Electrons are like these friends, SPREAD OUT over a large area instead of being confined to one place 🕺 💃 👯‍♀️ They're free to move and participate in chemical reactions. 14. *Orbitals, Electron Configuration, Aufbau Principle:* - Imagine building a tower with blocks, starting from the bottom and stacking them upwards. 🧱🏢 -Electron configuration is like arranging electrons ⚡️⚛️ in specific energy levels (Orbitals) around an atom, following the Aufbau principle. -Orbitals are like the spaces where Electrons are likely to be found around an Atom ⚡️⚛️🧐 while the Aufbau principle is like building the tower 🏗️, filling Orbitals with Electrons from the lowest energy level 🪫 to the highest 🔋 15. *Partial Charge and Dipoles:* -Think of a game where two friends play tug-of-war with a rope. If one friend is stronger 💪, they pull the rope 🪢 towards them ➡️⬅️, creating a Partial Charge. -A Dipole is like this unequal sharing of the rope, where one end becomes slightly positive ➕ and the other slightly negative ➖. -It’s important because it helps molecules interact ⚛️🤝⚛️ with each other, influencing their behavior in chemical reactions and interactions 🧪⚗️. 16. *Plasma:* -Imagine a group of excited dancers at a party 🥳💃🕺, moving energetically and freely. Plasma is like this highly energetic state of matter, where Atoms ⚛️ have been STRIPPED of their Electrons ⚡️⚛️, creating a mixture of positively charged ions and free electrons. -It’s important because it’s the most abundant state of matter in the universe 🌌 and has applications in technologies like plasma TVs and fusion reactors. 17. *Solvent and Solute:* -Picture making lemonade by mixing lemon juice 🍋🥤 (Solute) with water 💦 (Solvent). The water 💦 dissolves the lemon juice 🍋🥤, creating a solution. Solvent is like the “big boss” that does the dissolving 😎, while Solute is like the “guest” that gets dissolved 👔. -To differentiate, remember that Solvent is usually present in larger quantities and DOES the dissolving, while Solute is the substance BEING dissolved. 18. *Conjugate and Amphoteric Base:* - Imagine playing with a seesaw, where one side goes up ⬆️ when the other side goes down ⬇️. -A Conjugate base is like the side that goes up when the acid loses a proton ❌💡 while an Amphoteric base is like the seesaw itself, capable of both accepting and donating protons ✅💡depending on the conditions. (MORE IN THE COMMENTS 👀）

Doing my PhD in chemistry... while watching this video the last 10 years of studying came to mind in time-lapse

Agh. This gave me such horrible flashbacks. I love chemistry, but the schoolish presentation of concepts without practical application gives me a knot of anxiety in my stomach even now. This is an excellent video, honestly, but I wish we taught chemistry differently. Get people in love the practical application of it, and then learn the otherwise intangible concepts as doing so becomes necessary to further the application.

dude explained chemistry in 19 min more than my teacher could in 2 years

*Fermions:* - Imagine you have a group of particles that are a bit shy and prefer to keep their space. That's like Fermions. 😳⚛️ - Fermions are a type of elementary particle that follow a set of rules called Fermi-Dirac statistics. They're like the individualistic loners of the particle world, always maintaining their own unique identity and space. - Fermions include both matter particles, such as Quarks and Electrons, and Antimatter particles, such as Positrons and Antineutrinos. They're the building blocks of Matter and Antimatter and make up everything we see in the Universe. *Types of Fermions:* 1. *Quarks:* Picture tiny, colorful building blocks, each with its own unique flavor. That's like quarks. - Quarks are fundamental particles that come in 6 types, or "flavors": up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. - Quarks are bound together by the strong nuclear force ☢️ to form Protons and Neutrons, which are the building blocks of atomic nuclei. 2. *Leptons:* Imagine a family of particles, each with its own distinct personality and role. That's like leptons. - Leptons include particles like Electrons, Muons, and Taus, as well as their associated Neutrinos. - Leptons are not affected by the strong nuclear force ❌☢️ and exist independently as individual particles. They play a crucial role in various processes, such as beta decay and neutrino interactions. (*Fermionic Properties:* - Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously ⚛️❌⚛️. -This property gives rise to the unique structure of matter, with atoms and molecules having distinct energy levels and configurations. - Fermions have half-integer values of spin, which determines their intrinsic angular momentum. 📐 This property distinguishes Fermions from Bosons, which have integer values of spin.) (*Importance and Real-World Applications:* - Fermions are the building blocks of matter and antimatter and are essential for understanding the structure and behavior of the universe at the smallest scales. - They govern the properties of atoms, molecules, and materials, shaping the physical and chemical properties of everything around us. - Fermions have practical applications in various fields, including particle physics, condensed matter physics, and technology. - Understanding Fermions helps scientists develop new materials, technologies, and applications, such as semiconductor devices, superconductors, and quantum computing.) In summary, Fermions are fundamental particles that make up Matter and Antimatter. They include Quarks and Leptons, which are the building blocks of Atoms and Particles. Understanding Fermions is crucial for unraveling the mysteries of the universe and developing new technologies that shape our world.

Perfect timing! I have exams of chemistry coming up

I'm a chemical technician by profession and you explained everything perfectly and in a way that's easy to understand, good job!

People with ADHD be thanking you rn. 🗿🗿

1. *Charm and Strange Quarks:* • Imagine you have two special friends: one always seems to have a charming personality, 🤩while the other is a bit strange but interesting. 😜 That’s like Charm and Strange quarks. • Charm and Strange quarks are types of elementary particles that are part of the building blocks of protons and neutrons. They’re like the unique characters in the story of particle physics. [These Quarks are important because they contribute to the diversity and stability of matter, influencing how particles interact and form larger structures.] 2. *Gluon:* • Picture a group of friends holding hands tightly, not wanting to let go. That’s like Gluons. • Gluons are particles that “glue” quarks together inside protons, neutrons, and other particles. They’re like the strong bonds that hold everything together. 🤝⚛️ [Gluons are important because they mediate the strong force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. Understanding gluons helps us grasp the dynamics of nuclear interactions and the stability of matter.] 3. *Hadron:* • Think of a big family gathering with lots of relatives, all coming together to celebrate. That’s like a Hadron. 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦⚛️ • Hadrons are composite particles made up of quarks, such as protons and neutrons. They’re like the extended family of the particle world, formed by combining smaller building blocks. [Hadrons are important because they constitute the majority of visible matter in the universe. They’re crucial for understanding the structure of atomic nuclei and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.] 4. *Lepton:* • Imagine a group of graceful dancers, each moving elegantly and independently. That’s like Leptons. 👯‍♀️⚛️ • Leptons are a family of elementary particles that includes the electron, muon, and tau, among others. They’re like the solo performers in the particle dance, each with its own unique characteristics. [Leptons are important because they don’t experience the strong nuclear force, making them useful for studying fundamental interactions and particle decays.] 5. *Muon and Tau:* • Think of Muons and Taus as the “heavier” 🏋️‍♂️⚛️ cousins of the electron, each with its own distinctive personality. Muons are like the cool, laid-back cousin 😎, while Taus are the more mysterious and enigmatic ones 🥸. • Muons and Taus are types of Leptons, similar to electrons but with different masses. They’re like the siblings of the electron family, adding diversity to the particle lineup. [Muons and Taus are important because they provide valuable insights into particle physics and high-energy phenomena, such as cosmic ray showers and neutrino interactions.] In summary, Charm, Strange, Gluon, Hadron, Lepton, Muon, and Tau are all important particles in the realm of particle physics and chemistry. 🧪⚛️ Each contributes to our understanding of the fundamental forces and building blocks of the universe, playing essential roles in the structure and behavior of matter at the subatomic level. (MORE IN THE COMMENTS 👀)

This guy deserves more views!!!

I've never had the honour to learn this in school because of our classist education system, thank for bringing education to the interested underprivileged! :)

In Particle Physics ⚛️, "Spin" is a fundamental property of Elementary Particles, like Electrons⚡️⚛️ and Quarks 🔴🔵🟢. Now, imagine you're playing with a spinning top. When the top spins, it has a property called "ANGULAR MOMENTUM" which makes it rotate around an axis 😵‍💫. In particle physics, "Spin" is a bit like that, but it's NOT QUITE the same as physical rotational spinning ❌😵‍💫. 1. *Physical Rotational Spinning:* When you spin a top or a ball 🏈, it physically rotates around an axis. You can SEE IT spinning 👀😵‍💫, and it has a MEASURABLE RATE of rotation. It's like watching a fan blade spin around. 2. *"Spin" in Particle Physics:* Now, let's talk about "Spin" in the particle physics world 😵‍💫⚛️. Imagine you have a tiny ball 🏈, SO TINY you can't even see it 🫥. This "Spin" property ISN’T ABOUT the ball ❌🏈 physically rotating like a spinning top. Instead, it's a FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY of the particle, kind of like an invisible tag 🫥🏷️ that says how "spinny" the particle is. Think of it like this: Imagine you're playing a game of "spin the bottle," but INSTEAD of a physical bottle spinning around ❌🍾, it's like each player has a HIDDEN TAG 🫥🏷️ that tells you how much "Spin" they have. You CAN’T see the tag ❌👀, but it tells you something important about how the game works. So, in Particle Physics, "Spin" 😵‍💫⚛️ ISN’T ABOUT physical rotation like a spinning top ❌🏈. It's a fundamental property of particles ⚛️ that INFLUENCES how they INTERACT 🤝 with each other and with other forces in the universe 🌌. (One tip is to think of Physical Spinning like something you can SEE 👀 and FEEL 🤚, like a spinning top or a fan blade. "Spin" in Particle Physics 😵‍💫⚛️ is more like an invisible property, a hidden tag 🫥🏷️ that particles have that tells you how much “Spin” they have. “Spin” 😵‍💫⚛️ is also a FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY of particles that influences how they interact 🤝 with other particles ⚛️ and forces 💪 in the universe 🌌, kind of like a secret superpower!)

Bro revised my highschool chemistry in 19 minutes ☠️

I love the fast pace format, it is fast enough so you can connect things while also not leaving time for the realization of things you didn't understand to kick in and get you out of the flow zone

When we needed him the most, he returned 🛐 Also please do all of biology too. As a science student this trilogy will save my life

I would listen to multiple episodes of this guy explaining things. Please make more chemistry ones.