The Simplest Math Problem No One Can Solve - Collatz Conjecture

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2021-07-30に共有
The Collatz Conjecture is the simplest math problem no one can solve — it is easy enough for almost anyone to understand but notoriously difficult to solve. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Special thanks to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for introducing us to this topic, filming the interview, and consulting on the script and earlier drafts of this video.

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References:
Lagarias, J. C. (2006). The 3x+ 1 problem: An annotated bibliography, II (2000-2009). arXiv preprint math/0608208. — ve42.co/Lagarias2006

Lagarias, J. C. (2003). The 3x+ 1 problem: An annotated bibliography (1963–1999). The ultimate challenge: the 3x, 1, 267-341. — ve42.co/Lagarias2003

Tao, T (2020). The Notorious Collatz Conjecture — ve42.co/Tao2020

A. Kontorovich and Y. Sinai, Structure Theorem for (d,g,h)-Maps, Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society, New Series 33(2), 2002, pp. 213-224.

A. Kontorovich and S. Miller Benford's Law, values of L-functions and the 3x+1 Problem, Acta Arithmetica 120 (2005), 269-297.

A. Kontorovich and J. Lagarias Stochastic Models for the 3x + 1 and 5x + 1 Problems, in "The Ultimate Challenge: The 3x+1 Problem," AMS 2010.

Tao, T. (2019). Almost all orbits of the Collatz map attain almost bounded values. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.03562. — ve42.co/Tao2019

Conway, J. H. (1987). Fractran: A simple universal programming language for arithmetic. In Open problems in Communication and Computation (pp. 4-26). Springer, New York, NY. — ve42.co/Conway1987

The Manim Community Developers. (2021). Manim – Mathematical Animation Framework (Version v0.13.1) [Computer software]. www.manim.community/

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Alvaro Naranjo, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Derek Muller, Alex Kontorovich and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Ivy Tello, Jonny Hyman, Jesús Enrique Rascón and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang
Edited by Derek Muller
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Emily Zhang

3d Coral by Vasilis Triantafyllou and Niklas Rosenstein — ve42.co/3DCoral
Coral visualisation by Algoritmarte — ve42.co/Coral

コメント (21)
  • Everyone here: "...but just a maaaaybe I'll be the one to solve it."
  • @Yihtc
    “Pick a number” Me:Fou- “Seven? Good choice” Me:but I-
  • I love how he makes us think that he is the world's greatest mathematician by showing us his picture when saying that, but then shows the other half of the picture.
  • This math problem is actually like my trading portfolio, I can start with any number but end at $ 1
  • Teacher: Why did you not answer the questions on your test. Me: Because the Math is not ripe enough for me to answer these questions
  • @AshenElk
    What blows my mind is when this stuff is demonstrated graphically the patterns become easy to see with my eyes. I don't know why maths is so beautiful.
  • @shmuelman
    Certainly one of the finest mathematical videos on YouTube.
  • Me: Where should we eat? Girlfriend: Mathematics is not yet ripe enough for such question
  • I was so inspired when i first saw this video. I’d always think about it. And this year, my math teacher had each student teach their own lesson at the end of the year. I chose this conjecture because of this vid. I used this vid as a source, i watched it like 20 times, and I’m so inspired by your channel. This vid is 2 yrs old as i write this, and will probably get berried in all the comments but i still want to write this for the small chance you see this. so if you are reading this, thank you for inspiring little minds like mine. ❤️❤️❤️
  • Mathematicians: Dont waste your time on this problem 20.7 million people: YES
  • Me : "That's interesting puzzle, maybe I can solve it" Me 22 minutes later : "oh."
  • @ThatOneKat511
    15:02 why negative numbers have three loops? Well, use positive numbers but change the function from 3x+1 to 3x-1 and you’ll get the same three loops.
  • Alright following the sequence of pi, take the highest number we've test and just keep testing pi til the heat death of the universe
  • @Naurik
    Pretty much every subject in school is really interesting if I’m not forced to learn it
  • I absolutely love how mathematicians always find the most random things to debate over!
  • I’ve always wondered why mathematicians only look at the patterns of the ’hailstone integers’ with this problem. Maybe the pattern is found in the numbers that are skipped after doing the equation either with 1 number or after a million numbers
  • I did a bit of mind-numbing study into this problem and the Twin Prime Conjecture and found some surprising intersections, mostly in how prime numbers interact with each other to disperse composite numbers throughout the number line Sadly it doesn’t answer either problem, but it does provide some insight into how both conjectures might be solved, or at least how they both can’t be solved And it’s really not all that confusing, it all comes down to primes greater than 3 (and their respective composites) are all +/-1 of all the multiples of 6, and how the composites are all in a +/-1 position based on whether their factors were the same polarity or opposite of each other And, well, the non-triple evens do exactly the same thing, they just also include the p>3 group in the factors, which is where the 3n+1 comes into play, as those are the numbers you encounter upon using that function (and the n/2 part as well) Notably: that does NOT include triples, as those cannot be +/-1 of each other, and as such the only triples you’ll encounter are the ones you start with in the case of odd triples, or the initial halving-chain for even triples Fun stuff, very little use in it but boy is it fascinating 🙂