What Game Theory Reveals About Life, The Universe, and Everything

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Published 2023-12-23
This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

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A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time.

To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: ve42.co/Axelrod2023

A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: ncase.me/trust/

A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic - Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.

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References:
Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case - ve42.co/Case2023
Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place -    • The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma and T...  
How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed -    • How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemm...  
Tit for Tat by radiolab - ve42.co/T4T
The Golden Rule by radiolab - ve42.co/GoldenRule
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press.
Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone.
Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. - ve42.co/JOE1
Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPD
Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford - ve42.co/StanfordPD
Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. - ve42.co/Flood1952
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiNWS
Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War - ve42.co/Goodwin1998
Cold war: How it happened. - ve42.co/CW2014
Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980a
Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980b
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. ve42.co/Axelrod1981
Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSP
Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. - ve42.co/Wu1995
INF Treaty - ve42.co/INF
START Treaties - ve42.co/START
START I, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSTART


Images & Video:
RAND Historical images via rand.org - ve42.co/RAND
Golden Balls -    • golden balls. the weirdest split or s...  
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers
Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times - ve42.co/MT2012
Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019
Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica - ve42.co/Kaufman2014


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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley Hamer
Additional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will Wood
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

All Comments (21)
  • @Magnymbus
    "Be nice, be forgiving, but don't be a pushover" I feel like that's something all of us can appreciate.
  • @jagobot1487
    Two people getting excited to meet each other because they both respect the others work is the most wholesome thing
  • The important thing to note is that the GOAL is to accumulate points, NOT to 'defeat the opponent.' That is an absolutely significant thing to note.
  • @peterxyz3541
    “You don’t have to lose in order for me to win”. Enlightenment
  • @AltevBaka
    One of the rare videos that should literally be watched by everyone.
  • “In the short term it is often the environment that shapes the player… but in the long run it is the players that shape the environment.” Words to live by.
  • @SolveFixBuild
    This is refreshing. I just started reading Greene’s “48 Laws of Power” in order to understand how bullying parties win in negotiations - not because I want to do that, but because I’ve been on the receiving end of it and I want to better defend against at it. This mathematically proves that starting off cooperative, stating clearly your boundaries once they’ve been crossed, and willingness to cooperate again is the best way to go. That’s the way I try to live and want to live. This is helpful reinforcement of that. Thank you.
  • This video is a literal hidden gem. May the future generation be reminded by this masterpiece hopefully
  • I just love how enthusiastic Professor Strogatz was on seeing Professor Axelrod, like they were two good buddies
  • @ElectroBOOM
    THIS IS AWESOME INFORMATION!! Imagine if everyone would understand that cooperating and being kind and forgiving pays off best for everyone...
  • @tofu_golem
    The behavior of Tit For Tat is basically the foundation of the behavior of every social mammal species because it produces the best results for all. Some animal species are solitary, some are social. Neither survival strategy is necessarily better than the other, but Tit For Tat is a very simple algorithm that optimizes the social survival strategy. We don't need magic to explain the existence of morality, we merely need to observe that humans are a social species rather than a solitary species. Also, morality is the inevitable conclusion the moment you realize you're not the only one who experiences suffering. So I suppose there's that.
  • This is the kind of Veritasium Video I have been craving for. The one video which can change my perspective and connecting something abstract like maths to real life philosophies and mathematically proving it. Truly fascinating.
  • @franug
    I think every parent should watch this. "Be nice, be forgiving, but not a pushover" is quite literally what I want my kids to grow up understanding. What a cool video
  • @hemanth3931
    This is what i am paying my internet bills for
  • @jonb4020
    A superbly-produced video, if I may say so.
  • @manuraj747
    Adding this to my list of "Best YouTube videos of all time"
  • @blenderguru
    "Most of life is not zero sum" needs to be printed on a t-shirt (and every billboard the world over). Would solve so much destructive, envy driven behavior.
  • @dendretic
    This video changed my perspective on life. So seriously, thank you.
  • @briggan5646
    Amazing video, it’s honestly a beautiful thing to realize that literally just being a good person is good for yourself and those around you