Summarizing Romance sound shifts

It's so nice youtubers remembering Catalan exists and latin languages aren't just Spanish French and Italian lmao

Having done research on a bunch of Romance languages for a certain upcoming video, I wanted to chime in that Sardinian also does the /kʷ/ /gʷ/ > /p/ /b/ sound shift.

19:36 the reason that the Italian word is scudo instead of the expected *scuto is because it's not directly inherited, rather it was borrowed from a North Italian language which actually had the t to d change, there are several words like that in Italian (spiga < spica, riva < ripa) that did the same voicing, where the borrowed words displaced the native inherited ones

I love how your visualization of the expansion of Rome is just you slowly stretching a jpg image

Quick thing on the "ego" part: in italian "io" retains the latin stress, being ['i.o] not ['jo]

Some tiny remarks about Catalan: 6:14 Catalan's "standard" pronunciation of the "l" is still [ɫ] even if it is gradually getting lost because of Spanish influence! 8:15 Some dialects of Catalan (predominantly in Mallorca but also some dialects in València) also keep the [v] sound.

No way no way no way. I'm more excited that this video dropped than how excited I've been for blockbusters coming to cinemas

Great video, as always, but it's a bit too fast to comprehensibly follow. I'd make bigger stops between the sections to separate them a bit.

Important to note that there are many italo dalmatian languages, not just the one. While they're often called dialetti in italy, they are generally understood to be languages of their own right with large differences between them resulting in a large lack of intelligibility. In standard Italian /s/ and /z/ are written with the same letter, but there are minimal pairs if we consider sounds across multiple words, and many many if we consider near minimal pairs, where the difference is not conditional on the environment around the consonant. The problem is that due to the influence of regional languages of italy, s and z lost phonemic distinction in most of Italy. Distinction is preserved in florence, the origin of standard italian.

The official Catalan flag is NOT the so-called "estelada-blava": this latter one is a heavily politically-connoted one.

About the qua gua/ pa ba shift in Romanian happens in Sardinian too. Infact "Language" is Limba like in Romanian

To avoid consonant clusters starting with s at the beginning of a word, following the preposition "in", some words in Italian used to get an "i" before them. For instance: "spalla" (shoulder), "in ispalla" (on the shoulders); "strada" (road), "in istrada" (on the road); "scherzo" (joke/prank), "per ischerzo" (as a joke). You can find these expressions in books from just 60 years ago, but now they've completely disappeared, with the exception of "scritto" (writ); "per iscritto" (written/on paper).

Italian viewer here, loved the content. About the shift from the "TI+vowel" pattern, you correctly mentioned that your example "stationem", is a loanword. It was almost literally picked out of the latin dictionary by modern humanists in the Renaissance. Due to the fashion of the time, they left the latin word almost identical and only 'italianized' the ending ('stationem' to 'stazione'), and they adopted the 'z' following the ecclesiastical pronunciation of Latin, which was the one used by the Church at the time (BTW this pronunciation is proven to have no historical connection to Classical OR Vulgar Latin whatsoever). We call this set of words taken from latin on a later stage, 'vocaboli dotti' (cultured words). But there is another child of the latin 'TI', the one that followed the live development of phonology throughout the middle ages. In italian at least, this evolved into 'GI-'. Some examples are: - rationem ("motive, cause") --> ragione ("reason") - stationem ("resting place, stop") --> stagione ("season") As you can see, the two different evolutions also made it to English, through the Normans and the French ('saison' and 'raison' in our case). So if you wonder whether 'desk' and 'disk' are related, yes they come from the exact same word.

Ladino: 🥲

6:03 just a note on the Romanian „oară”, this means "time" in the usage of e.g. "5 times"/"the only time" (although it's not used for "once / one time"). While it's definitely still descended from the same latin root, there's also the word „oră”, meaning "hour", which might make for a better comparison imo. Also at 9:53, „făină” is 3 syllables: [fə'inə], in the same stress pattern as the rest of the languages. Finally, while your pronunciation of „eu” as [jo] is a valid pronunciation and very common in quick speech, „eu” is commonly pronounced on a spectrum [jo~jow~jəw~jew]. There are also speakers that, due to hypercorrection, don't preiotate words like various conjugations of „a fi” (e.g. ești, este, e, eram, erai, etc.) or the pronouns (e.g. ea, el, or indeed eu) so they pronounce it [ew], exactly as written. Basically there's a bunch of ways to pronounce it, including the one you chose. Otherwise great video, it was very interesting and the pronunciation was far better than I've come to expect from online videos not made by native speakers. I fully expected to notice a bunch more mistakes but there really was just the one, the stress on „făină”, which is understandable because the spelling is ambiguous. „Faină”, for example, has the stress pattern you gave despite being spelled very similar. Admittedly that's a loanword from English "fine", but there's also „haină” which also has the same stress.

I'm a speaker of the Parmigian dialect of the Emilian language in northern Italy, and I have extensively analyzed it, so I present Latin to Emilian sound changes (all examples will be in Parmigian orthography) Initial /j/ becomes /z/ (iocare > zugär [zu'gɛːr] (to play) /w/ becomes /v/ as in most Romance languages (ventus > vént [vẽnt] /m, n, l, r/ pretty much stay the same, except for final /n/ being backed to /ŋ/ and disappearing in rapid speech (leaving nasalization on the previous vowel) (bonus > bon [bõŋ]) /s/ gets the same treatment as in French, Portuguese and other Gallo-Italic languages, it gets voiced to /z/ and contrasts with the now-degeminated /ss/ > /s/ (passus > pass [pas]; causa > coza ['kɔːza]) /f/ also stays the same and /h/ also disappears /p, t, k/ are voiced to /v, d, g/ between vowels, while their geminated versions survive as /p, t, k/ (lupus > lovv [lɔv], rota > roda ['roːda], mica > miga ['miːɡa]) /b/ lenites to v while d and g stay the same /pl, bl, fl/ clusters become /pj, bj, fj/ like in Italian, while /kl, gl/ become /tʃ, dʒ/ (planta > pjanta ['pjãnta], blancus > bjanch [bjãŋk], florem > fjor [fjoːr], clavem > ciäva ['tʃɛːva], ɡlacies > gias [dʒaːs]) Palatalized versions of /k/ and /g/ turn into /s/ and /z/ (/θ/ and /ð/ in Bolognese) before /ɛ, e, i/ (cinque > sinch [sĩŋk], gelatus > zlä [zlɛː]) /sk/ palatalizes to /s/, while /skl/ becomes /stʃ/ (piscem > pess [pɛs], sclavus > sciav [stʃaːv]) /kw/ and /ɡw/ are retained before /a/, but turn into /k/ and /ɡ/ before front vowels (quattuor > quator ['kwaːtor], ɡuardare > guardär [gwar'dɛːr], quid > che [ke], sanɡuis > sanɡov [sãŋɡov]) and then the vowels... huge mess, but the most distinctive change is a > ɛː before front vowels in the next syllable

This is a great video but could I recommend that in the future you read the words from the descendant languages in the same order each time? I kept getting confused and having to rewatch those portions of the videos if, for instance, I wanted to focus on how Portuguese changed.

The older form was ”țeară”, more recognizable in respects to its etymon, lat.terra, and it had other meanings than ”country” or ”countryside”. For example, in Vrancea ”ț(e)ară” was the place where agricultural produce were grown, according to 19th c. linguistic inquiry, so a synonym for dated ”agru” (lat.ager, agrum). In other parts ”țeara” was the ”field area” contrasted by the mountainous roum. Another thing, leu ”lion” (lat. leō, pl. leōnēs) had an older form ”lăun” (Viski Manuscript), that I suspect was *lăune in older times (before 16th c.), coming from lat. (accus.) leōnem. Romanian rarely has the nominative forms of Latin (omu, pl.oameni < lat.homō, pl. hominēs), but instead uses the accusative, and the masculine nominative ending -u was lost fairly late in our history. 'Omu' and 'omulu' (”the man”) were still used by writers of late 19th century. fărină is the dated form of 'făină', and 'a zice' (”to say”) or the short&older infinitive 'zicere' had an affricate [ʣ] written with ḑ (a ḑice, ḑicere). Fell gradually out of use since the 18th century, heard only in the countryside as late as 1950. The short infinitive became a noun with the verb's meaning: zicere 'saying'. About gint, the correct form was ginte (lat.gentem), now dated, and gint meant ”born”, as in ”singur gint” ”born alone” (lat. genitus). If inherited, stație would have sounded *stăciune.

Most Catalan native speakers do dark L, I still do. In fact, when Spanish people mock our accent they always note our Ls.

In Romanian, /kt/ → /pt/ was part of a larger shift of velars becoming labials before alveolar consonants. This also affected the cluster written as ⟨gn⟩ which was pronounced [ŋn] in (late?) Latin, which in Romanian shifted to /mn/ (as seen in words like "semn" from Latin "signum"). ⟨gn⟩ actually underwent some interesting and significant changes in the other romance languages too.